| July 25, 1898 With 16,000 troops, the United States invaded Puerto Rico at Guánica, asserting that they were liberating the inhabitants from Spanish colonial rule, which had recently granted the island’s government limited atonomy. The island, as well as Cuba and the Philippines, were spoils of the Spanish-American War which ended the following month. Puerto Rico remains a U.S. commonwealth today.  N.Y. 17th Volunteer Regiment marching through Puerto Rico Famed American poet Carl Sandburg saw active service in Puerto Rico, beginning with the invasion in Guánica. Sandburg wrote about these experiences in his book entitled “Always the Young Strangers” (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1953). More on the invasion |
July 25, 1946 The first underwater atomic device was detonated at Bikini Atoll, one of the Marshall Islands in the South Pacific. It was the second of two bombs, Able and Baker, that comprised Operation Crossroads; each weapon had a yield equivalent to 23,000 tons of TNT (23 kilotons).The U.S. Navy conducted the tests to determine the effect of such weapons on ships at sea. More than 130 newspaper, magazine and radio correspondents from seven nations were present for the tests.  More on Operation Crossroads |
| July 25, 1947 The National Security Act of 1947 was passed by Congress, uniting the armed forces under control of the National Military Establishment, which soon became Defense, the only cabinet-level military department, in place of separate ones for War, Army and Navy. The law also created the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, and gave statutory responsibility to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. |
| July 25, 1963 The Limited Test Ban Treaty was initialed following 10 days of intense negotiations among the the U.S.S.R.*, U.S. and United Kingdom. The treaty prohibits nuclear weapons tests “or any other nuclear explosion” in the atmosphere, in outer space, or under water; it does not ban underground tests. The nuclear powers (only three then, nine today) accepted as a common goal “an end to the contamination of man’s environment by radioactive substances.” 185 countries have signed the treaty so far but Israel, Pakistan, Iran and North Korea never signed or later withdrew. * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, commonly referred to as the Soviet Union, included Russia and 14 countries and was dissolved in the early ‘90s. Status of Nuclear Weapons States and Their Nuclear Capabilities |
| July 25, 1965 Martin Luther King, Jr., participated in protests against housing segregation in Chicago. His Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) joined with the Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO), led by Al Raby, a black schoolteacher, in the Chicago Freedom Movement. More on the CCCO  Martin Luther King talks to Al Raby of Chicago’s Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO)as they lead the march down State Street.To King’s right is Jack Spiegel of the United Shoeworkers, and to Raby’s left is King assistant Bernard Lee. |
https://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/peacehistoryjuly.htm#july25
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