| July 9, 1917 During World War I, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, leaders of the No-Conscription League, spoke out against the war and the draft. Both were found guilty in New York City of conspiracy against the draft, fined $10,000 each and sentenced to two years’ imprisonment with the possibility of deportation at the end of their terms.  Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman in New York, 1917, awaiting trial on charges of opposing the draft during World War I. Emma Goldman’s address to the Jury “History is a Weapon” |
July 9, 1955 Albert Einstein Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell and nine other scientists warned that the development of weapons of mass destruction had created a choice between war and survival of the human species.  Bertrand Russell The Russell-Einstein Manifesto was published in London and became the basis for the Pugwash Conference of scientists two years later. “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war? People will not face this alternative because it is so difficult to abolish war. The abolition of war will demand distasteful limitations of national sovereignty….” “We have to learn to think in a new way. We have to learn to ask ourselves … what steps can be taken to prevent a military contest of which the issue must be disastrous to all parties?” Text of the manifesto |
https://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/peacehistoryjuly.htm#july9
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