Immigrants Just Take Over, Displacing Native Born Americans, Stealing Resources; Great Britain Partitions Its Empire; & More, In Peace & Justice History for 8/15

August 15, 1876
Congress passed a law to remove the Lakota Sioux and their allies from the Black Hills country of South Dakota after gold was found there. Often referred to as the “starve or sell” bill, it provided that no further appropriations would be made for 1868 Treaty-guaranteed rations for the Sioux unless they gave up their sacred Black Hills, or Paha Sapa. That treaty had granted them the territory and hunting rights in exchange for peace.

Lakota Sioux watch as their Black Hills are invaded. painting by Howard Terpning
The larger story of the Sioux and the U.S. 
August 15, 1947

Great Britain partitioned its empire on the Asian subcontinent into primarily Hindu, but nominally secular, India, and predominantly Muslim Pakistan (including the non-contiguous state of East Bengal, now the nation of Bangladesh). The two nations became independent of British rule after 200 years of colonial control, and more than two decades of Gandhi-led resistance. Rioting between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims followed, especially over the state of Kashmir, majority Muslim but newly part of India.Mahatma Gandhi had been an advocate for a united India where Hindus and Muslims would live together in peace. A few months later, at the age of 78, he began a fast with the purpose of stopping the sectarian bloodshed, in which hundreds of thousands died, and many more displaced. After five days the opposing leaders pledged to stop the fighting and Gandhi broke his fast.

Twelve days later he was assassinated by a Hindu opposed to his program of tolerance for all ethnicities, castes and religions.

One of the principal leaders of the independence movement, Jawaharlal Nehru, who became India’s first prime minister, spoke to the Constituent Assembly of India in New Delhi: “Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance.It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.”
Among the tributes to Gandhi upon his death were these words by Albert Einstein:
“Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this walked
the earth in flesh and blood.”
Listen to a portion of Nehru’s speech and a bit of old film
More on partition and independence
August 15, 1967

The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a Southern Christian Leadership Conference in Atlanta, urged a massive civil disobedience drive in northern cities. Responding to the widespread rioting there, he said, “It is purposeless to tell Negroes they should not be enraged when they should be . . . Civil disobedience can utilize the militance wasted in riots . . . .”

https://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/peacehistoryaugust.htm#august15

“Before Trump’s efforts to make kids healthier, there was Michelle Obama”

Aug 13, 2025 Barbara Rodriguez

This story was originally reported by Barbara Rodriguez of The 19th. Meet Barbara and read more of their reporting on gender, politics and policy.

At an elementary school in Washington, D.C., the speaker at the podium wanted to talk about children’s health and the impact of childhood obesity.

“Our generation is facing so many devastating health problems because of how we live and how we eat — illnesses like diabetes and heart disease and cancer — that cause so much suffering and cost our economy billions,” the speaker said. “And today, we need to ask ourselves: Are we going to hand down these problems to our next generation? Or are we going to do what we’ve always done in this country and leave something better for our children and our grandchildren?”

Someone could mistake these words as being spoken in 2025 by a Trump administration official advocating to “Make America Healthy Again” — the catch-all agenda that has zeroed in on kids’ health and in particular, chronic disease and childhood obesity.

But the remarks were from then-first lady Michelle Obama, and the year was 2013.

Obama was promoting “Let’s Move!,” her initiative aimed at improving children’s nutrition at home and school and encouraging them to exercise more. The initiative is credited with making improvements to school lunch standards, creating more transparency in food labeling and bringing more awareness to childhood obesity.

But the first lady drew widespread partisan backlash for her efforts, as right-wing media personalities and Republicans vehemently criticized related regulation as government overreach. They have been more muted as the Trump administration, led in part by Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., now adopts similar messaging about children’s health.

“I do think that there’s a double standard going on, especially with RFK Jr.,” said Sydney Carr-Glenn, a political science professor at the College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts who studies the intersectionality of race and gender for Black women in politics, including in the media. “People seem to be a little bit more accepting or a little bit more on board with this whole ‘Make America Healthy Again’ initiative.”

Last month, President Donald Trump announced he would revive the presidential fitness test, a once ubiquitous staple of school gym class. Just a few years ago, Let’s Move! offered programming to educators to encourage physical activity at school for at least 60 minutes each day.

President Donald Trump stands, flanked by Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick, golfer Bryson DeChambeau, WWE CCO Triple H and Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr., after signing an executive order restarting the Presidential Fitness Test.
President Donald Trump stands, flanked by Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick, golfer Bryson DeChambeau, WWE CCO Triple H and Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr., after signing an executive order restarting the Presidential Fitness Test in public schools in the Roosevelt Room of the White House in Washington, D.C., on July 31, 2025. (JIM WATSON/AFP/Getty Images)

In some ways, Michelle Obama’s health policy efforts walked so MAHA could run. But you won’t find many Republicans acknowledging that.

“We live in such polarized times now that you would think the Trump administration would look at the things that Michelle Obama achieved and maybe try to build upon that,” said Sharon Wright Austin, a political science professor at the University of Florida. “But there is no collaboration. There are no coalitions. I’m sure if you were to say to Trump, ‘You’re doing the same thing that Michelle Obama originally started doing when Barack Obama was president,’ he would probably not only deny it, but he probably would be pretty offended.”

Obama’s motivation to launch Let’s Move!, the first lady explained, was rooted in her experience as a working mother trying to feed her kids nutritious food. The self-described “mom-in-chief” recognized that if she struggled with what to feed her children, other families with fewer resources might, too.

Within months of moving into the White House, the first lady started a vegetable garden to help teach children about locally grown food and to start a conversation about their health. She launched “Let’s Move” in early 2010, and her husband issued a directive to establish a task force on childhood obesity. Michelle Obama was present months later when the task force released a report assessing how to reduce childhood obesity within a generation. It included roughly 70 voluntary recommendations.

First Lady Michelle Obama and White House Chefs join children from Bancroft and Tubman Elementary Schools to harvest vegetables.
First Lady Michelle Obama and White House Chefs join children from Bancroft and Tubman Elementary Schools to harvest vegetables during the third annual White House Kitchen Garden fall harvest on the South Lawn, on October 5, 2011. (Chuck Kennedy/The White House)

Zinga A. Fraser studies African American history and gender politics as an associate professor at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. She noted that while Obama’s nutrition plans worked within a domesticated and gendered framework, her garden and health initiative was also part of a long history of Black women taking care of their communities through food sustainability.

“She understood what being a Black woman in that space looked like,” Fraser said of Obama’s role as first lady. “How she had to navigate and what it would be perceived as.” 

Let’s Move! had several areas of focus: providing information to families about healthy food, improving the quality of food in schools, expanding access and affordability of healthy foods in communities, and increasing physical activity for children.

The first lady sought buy-in from key stakeholders early on. The American Beverage Association, a government lobbying group representing soft-drink makers, committed immediately to member companies voluntarily putting front-of-pack calorie labels on cans, bottles and vending machines within two years. Food service companies that operated in schools pledged to reduce the amount of fat, sugar and salt they put in kids’ meals over the next five years.

It’s the kind of voluntary industry action that Kennedy is touting 15 years later as he seeks voluntary commitments to remove certain dyes from the food supply and to switch the kind of oil that fast food chains use for cooking.

But the first lady was also politically savvy in broadening her initiative’s appeal to the general public. She danced on “The Ellen Degeneres Show” and did “mom dancing” on “The Tonight Show” with Jimmy Fallon. She released a “focus group” video with kids that featured comedian Will Ferrell. She shared a fitness video of herself working out. She appeared with members of the Miami Heat, including dunking a ball with LeBron James.

“She was strategic,” said Fraser, who is also director of the Shirley Chisholm Project on Brooklyn Women’s Activism. “She strategically used her positionality in many ways to move a needle, whether people saw it as influential or important at the time or not.”

It didn’t seem that Michelle Obama was entering controversial politics at first. She had settled on an area of public interest — children’s wellness — that was politically viable for a first lady, said Laurel Elder, a political science professor at Hartwick College in New York who has researched public opinion about presidential candidates and their spouses. There had already been a history of first ladies with projects like an anti-drug campaign and expanding literacy.

Elder noted that Obama was promoting a form of “new traditionalism” in the role of first lady.

“[The public] wants them to be traditional, but also the ‘new’ part is they really do have an expectation that the first lady should be out there and visible and should be leading campaigns in appropriate areas,” she said.

But as regulation policy emerged, so did the criticism. A child nutrition law passed at the end of 2010 included a phase-in of new federal school nutrition standards for milk, whole grains and sodium. The narrative that emerged was that the government was telling people what health choices to make.

“Your America is turning into a nanny state thanks to the Obama administration’s efforts to rein in the junk food industry,” said Sean Hannity on Fox News in 2010.

Glenn Beck, also on Fox News, described Michelle Obama’s efforts in 2010 as the beginning of efforts to police people for not eating healthier.

“You’re going to have to tax, you’re going to have to make it more and more difficult. But when those options don’t work, how do you get people to stop eating french fries, because french fries still beat carrots. What’s left? Well, now you have to start thinking about punishments — maybe a fine, maybe even jail. But it always starts with a nudge,” he said.

Even some Democrats criticized the Obama administration, arguing it didn’t go far enough to hold the food industry accountable to proposed changes.

In 2013, former Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin sipped a large soda during an appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference, known as CPAC. She was responding to a proposed ban of large sodas by then New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, but the stunt became part of a larger commentary on the government’s role in people’s health choices.

Sarah Palin holds up a large soda as she speaks about New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg's proposed large soda ban, at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference.
Sarah Palin holds up a large soda as she speaks about New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s proposed large soda ban, at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference, on March 16, 2013, in National Harbor, Maryland. (Pete Marovich/Getty Images)

In 2014, Republicans in Congress sought exemptions to the 2010 school lunches law amid backing from a powerful school lunch industry group that expressed concern over implementation and costs. Michelle Obama pushed back in a New York Times op-ed. (In 2018 under the first Trump administration, the agriculture department sought to revert the new standards. It was challenged in court.)

A MAHA commission released a report this spring for addressing “the childhood chronic disease crisis.” Among its future policy focus will be poor diet, the “aggregation of environmental chemicals,” a lack of physical activity and chronic stress, and “overmedicalization.”

Kennedy told Fox News host Laura Ingraham earlier this year that while he didn’t want to take away “choice” from people, he believed in making changes to food assistance programs and school lunches. Several Republican-led states have recently begun restricting whether people on food assistance programs can buy processed foods and soda.

“We shouldn’t be subsidizing people to eat poison,” said Kennedy, who has separately started promoting that people should track their health metrics via “wearable” technology.

Kennedy’s MAHA initiative comes as the Trump administration cuts federal food assistance, key financial support for Medicaid and reduces environmental protections.

“You can’t cut benefits — Medicare, Medicaid, SNAP benefits, all of those things — to children and families and then still have an initiative where people are saying that they are about creating healthy environments for Americans,” Fraser said.

Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, a history professor at The New School in New York City, noted that when Beyoncé shot a related music video for the Let’s Move! initiative in 2011, she surrounded herself with young children dancing in a school cafeteria. It was common imagery for the first lady as well, as Michelle Obama swayed with kids to get them excited about nutrition and health. Trump’s recent announcement about the presidential fitness test featured former WWE wrestler and current Chief Content Officer Triple H doing a signature water spit at the White House.

First Lady Michelle Obama exercises with students and Olympic athletes during a Let's Move event.
First Lady Michelle Obama exercises with students and Olympic athletes during a “Let’s Move” event at the River Terrace Elementary School in Washington, D.C., on April 21, 2010. (Samantha Appleton/The White House)

“To me, that arc kind of says a lot about what’s changed in our wellness and fitness environment,” said Petrzela, who is author of “Fit Nation: The Gains and Pains of America’s Exercise Obsession.” “That now there’s this highly individualistic, ‘strong man’ approach to things, and I think, even more interestingly, it’s tied to that anti-institutional critique, which used to be coded as really left, and in the intervening years, has become, almost completely seen as right wing.”

Austin at the University of Florida said that while Michelle Obama has never been an elected official, she held immense power in her role as first lady and left the White House with high polling. Austin believes the first lady balanced the political challenges of intersectional identities, and her mission to help children continues to resonate 15 years later — even though the messengers have changed.

“It just goes to show that as a Black woman, you’re never going to get the respect that you deserve,” she said.

Four more news clips from The Majority Report on politics of both republicans and democrats with a Fox host getting fact checked again in real times as they try to push the republican party line

Chuck Schumer has created and talked about a fictitious family declaring they are real people.  It seems he has talked himself into believing they are real.  This is the Democratic Party leader in the Senate.    Hugs

CNN hides true facts of starvation and genocide in Gaza

More Progress Than Regress in Peace & Justice History for 8/14

August 14, 1935
President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act into law, creating unemployment compensation, old-age benefits and aid to dependent children.“We can never insure one hundred percent of the population against one hundred percent of the hazards and vicissitudes of life, but we have tried to frame a law which will give some measure of protection to the average citizen and to his family against the loss of a job and against poverty-ridden old age.”

President Roosevelt signing Social Security Act of 1935 in the Cabinet Room of the White House. Library of Congress photo
A comprehensive history: 
August 14, 1941
In the German Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, a group of prisoners had been chosen by the camp’s commander for death by starvation. Roman Catholic Fr. Maximilian Maria Kolbe offered himself for death instead of one of the condemned because the man had a family he needed to be alive to support. Fr. Kolbe was put to death on this day by lethal injection following two weeks of starvation.
Pope John Paul II declared him a Saint in 1982.
August 14, 1945
President Harry Truman announced that Japan, one week following the atomic bomb attacks on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, had surrendered unconditionally, ending World War II.
August 14, 1959
The U.S.-launched Explorer VI satellite recorded the first photograph of Earth taken from space, at an altitude of 17,000 miles (27,400 km).

August 14, 1966
Twenty people were arrested for trying to attend services at the white First Baptist Church in Grenada, Mississippi. They were charged with “disturbing divine worship.” Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) field staff member Jim Bulloch was arrested and his car fire-bombed while he was in jail.
August 14, 1968
400 anti-apartheid students occupied the university in Cape Town, South Africa, to protest its refusal to hire a black professor.

August 14, 1976
Majella O’Hare, a young Catholic girl, was shot dead by British soldiers while walking with other children to confession near her home in Ballymoyer, Whitecross, County Armagh.The soldiers, initially denying they had fired any weapons, claimed that the patrol had been fired upon by an unidentified gunman. But there were serious doubts about the army’s claim. Eyewitness reports failed to confirm it and, unofficially, police investigating the case referred to the army’s “phantom gunman.”
The same day 10,000 Northern Irish gathered at a demonstration in Andersontown, organized by the Women’s Peace Movement (later known as Peace People).


Majella O’Hare
How it happened from people who were there 
August 14, 1980

After months of labor turmoil, more than 16,000 Polish workers seized control of the Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk. They helped form Solidarnos´c´ (Solidarity), the first independent labor union anywhere in the Soviet bloc, as the Warsaw Pact nations were known. Under the leadership of Lech Valensa [lek va wen´suh] and others, it helped unite the broad political, social and religious opposition to the Communist government.
Long-range look at Solidarity 

https://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/peacehistoryaugust.htm#august14

Who Are The Crime-Fighters, & Who Are The Criminals?

Roof-Top Felon by Clay Jones

DC is so crime-ridden, that the top federal official is a 34-count felon Read on Substack

Despite the nation’s capital being at a 30-year low in crime, Donald Trump has now federalized it, installing 800 National Guard troops to patrol the city because a former DOGE guy (white dude) got slapped around by some kids.

Fun fact: National Guardsmen are NOT cops. They have not been trained in police work. What authority do they have?

During a rambling and slurry 80-minute press conference while flanked by goons such as Pam Bondi, Pete Hegseth, Kash Patel, and Jeannine Pirro (it gets worse as you go down the line), Trump talked about sending the military into other cities like Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, and Baltimore. All cities with Black mayors.

This is going to be like Star Wars, where stormtroopers are stopping citizens on the streets, demanding to see their IDs.

During his rant, Trump said, “Our capital city has been overtaken by violent gangs and bloodthirsty criminals, roving mobs of wild youth, drugged-out maniacs and homeless people.” It’s illegal to be homeless now? Is it illegal to be young?

Every time I copy and paste one of Trump’s quotes, Grammarly loses its shit. I think it wants to scream at me, “THAT’S NOT HOW WORDS WORK!” (snip, and there’s MORE)

=====

Wanted by Clay Jones

From one criminal to another Read on Substack

Today on GoComics, a very ignorant and vile person claimed “leftists” are in favor of forever wars. That pissed me off. I wasn’t pissed because he insulted us, or that he called us “leftists,” and not even that he’s wrong. He uses “leftists,” as though he’s describing Daniel Ortega and Sandinistas. If you think there’s a comparison between Daniel Ortega and today’s Democratic Party, then you should talk to my friend Pedro Molina. I guess “liberal” isn’t scary enough for the MAGAts anymore. What pissed me off is that because of his ignorance and inability to understand our position, he took it upon himself to assign one for us.

It’s not just him. This is a talking point, and I hate talking points. Yeah, both sides have them, but while liberals will use them out of convenience, MAGAts use them out of ignorance and laziness. It saves them time and effort from actually researching. All MAGA cartoonists would prefer to use talking points rather than understand an issue. It’s also a cover for Russian dictator Vladimir Putin.

Besides all that, MAGA talking points are always bullshit.

I’m anti-war. I had a battle every day with my editor at The Free Lance-Star because I wouldn’t draw cartoons supporting the invasion of Iraq. If I’m not going to support an illegal invasion by my country, then why would I support one by Russia?

The idiots who claim we support forever wars support the guy who started the war in Ukraine. After Putin illegally invaded Ukraine over a flimsy excuse about Nazis, Donald Trump called him a “genius” for it. I wonder if Trump thinks he’s a genius for invading DC on a flimsy excuse that Big Balls was attacked.

Supporting Ukraine, that nation that did not start this war, and its right to defend itself from a much stronger aggressor does not mean I want the war to last forever. Supporting arming Ukraine for it to defend itself from an invading force stealing its land and killing its people doesn’t mean I want the war to last forever. Anyone who believes that is a lazy idiot. Speaking of lazy idiots…

Trump and Putin will sit down tomorrow in Anchorage, Alaska, to discuss the war in Ukraine. Trump is already prepared to reward Putin for his illegal invasion. Trump is proposing that Russia be gifted portions of Ukraine, which won’t be good enough for Putin. Putin wants the entire nation. If Trump were around in World War II, he would have given Hitler Poland. (snip; of course there is MORE)

Kent St. Shooting, The Berlin Wall, & More, in Peace & Justice History for 8/13

August 13, 1961
The city of Berlin was divided as East Germany sealed off the border between the city’s eastern (Soviet Union-controlled) and western (American-, British- and French-controlled) sectors in order to halt the flight of economic and political refugees to the West. Two days later, work began on the Berlin Wall.

The Wall, 155 km (96 miles) of barbed wire and concrete, completely surrounded West Berlin and had to be rebuilt three times.

The wall stood until November 9, 1989.
The Berlin Wall Online 
August 13, 1971

slain Kent State student 
U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell announced there would be no federal grand jury investigation into the May 4, 1970, shootings at Kent State University. Ohio National Guard troops had fired on unarmed anti-Vietnam-War demonstrators, killing four and wounding nine.
             
Atty General John Mitchell
Defenders of the National Guard said they were responding to a shot from the crowd though that was never verified. But in 2007 a tape was released through a freedom-of-information request to the FBI revealing a Guard officer issuing the command, “Right here! Get Set! Point! Fire!”
Kent State’s protest was part of massive spontaneous national outrage over Pres. Richard Nixon’s expansion of the war through his invading non-combatant Cambodia. Vice President Spiro Agnew had referred to the campus protesters as Nazi “brownshirts.”


Ohio National Guard troops firing on anti-war demonstrators at Kent State University
The day before, Ohio Govenor James Rhodes had referred to the student demonstrators as “the strongest, well-trained militant revolutionary group that has ever assembled in America. They’re worse than the brownshirts and the Communist element and the night riders and the vigilantes. They are the worst type of people that we harbor in America.”
August 13, 1992
President George H.W. Bush announced strong United States support for the draft Chemical Weapons Convention completed at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The president stated that the U.S. was committed to the treaty, and called on all other nations to support the treaty and to pledge adherence to it. 
Chemical weapons treaty update (2001) 

https://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/peacehistoryaugust.htm#august13

Let’s talk about Trump’s DC move showing his golden age is gilded….

Nukes & Mumia In Peace & Justice History for 8/12

August 12, 1953
The first Soviet hydrogen (thermonuclear or fusion) bomb, far more potentially damaging than those dropped on Japan, was exploded in the Kazakh desert, then part of the Soviet Union. Igor Vasziljevics Kurcsatov, head of the Soviet Uranium Committee, said to Josef Stalin at the time: “The atomic sword is in our hand. It is time to think about the peaceful use of nuclear energy.” 

The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program 
August 12, 1982

Open missile tubes on Trident sub
Twelve were arrested in an attempted blockade of the first Trident submarine, the USS Ohio, entering the Hood Canal in the state of Washington. In motorboats, sailboats and small handmade wooden vessels, the demonstrators were objecting to the presence of nuclear weapons in Seattle. The Coast Guard overturned some of the vessels with water cannon.
August 12, 1995

Thousands demonstrated in Philadelphia and other cities in support of journalist and former Black Panther Mumia Abu-Jamal (on death row for murder since 1982) in the largest anti-death-penalty demonstrations in the U.S. to date.
All Out For Mumia Abu-Jamal

https://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/peacehistoryaugust.htm#august12

Why People Partied So Much in The 1980s, & More, in Peace & Justice History for 8/11

August 11, 1894
Federal troops forced some 1,200 jobless workers across the Potomac River and out of Washington, D.C.

 
Jack London
Led by an unemployed activist, “General” Charles “Hobo” Kelly, the jobless group’s “soldiers” included young journalist Jack London, known for writing about social issues, and miner/cowboy William ”Big Bill” Haywood who later organized western miners and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

“Big Bill” Haywood 
Read about “Big Bill”
August 11, 1958
A drugstore chain in Wichita, Kansas, agreed to serve all its customers after weeks of sit-ins at Dockum’s lunch counter by local African-Americans who wanted an end to segregation. On this day, as several black Wichitans were sitting at the counter even though the store refused to serve them, a white man around 40 walked in and looked at them for several minutes. Then he looked at the store manager and said, simply, “Serve them. I’m losing too much money.” He was the owner, Robert Dockum.
That day the lawyer for the local NAACP branch called the company and was told by the a vice president ”he had instructed all of his managers, clerks, etc., to serve all people without regard to race, creed or color,” statewide. This was the first success of the sit-in movement which soon spread to Oklahoma City and other towns in Kansas, but is often thought to have started in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960.
August 11, 1984
 
Prior to his weekly radio address, unaware that the microphone was open and he was broadcasting, President Ronald Reagan joked, “My fellow Americans, I’m pleased to tell you today that I’ve signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes.” Many Americans and others throughout the world were concerned about the President’s apparently flippant attitude towards nuclear war at a time of increasing tension between the two major nuclear powers.
Among other things, the U.S. had begun a major strategic arms buildup, adding many thousands of additional nuclear warheads along with a broad range of new delivery systems: long-range bombers including 100 B-1B stealth bombers and MX (10-warhead) ICBMs, considered first-strike weapons; intermediate-range missiles to be deployed in Europe; 3000 cruise missiles; and Trident nuclear submarines with sea-launched cruise missiles.
Additionally, Reagan had proposed building the space-based Strategic Defense Initiative of anti-ballistic missiles, a destabilizing influence on the nuclear balance.

The Nuclear Arms Control Legacy of Ronald Reagan 

https://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/peacehistoryaugust.htm#august11