Jesse Jackson Tribute From “The Nation”

Jesse Jackson Gave Peace a Chance

The iconic civil rights leader, who has died at 84, made anti-war and pro-diplomacy politics central to his presidential bids and his lifelong activism.

John Nichols

Jesse Jackson at a rally against the Gulf War in Washington, DC, on January 18, 1991.
(Ricky Flores / Getty Images)

he Rev. Jesse Jackson Jr., the iconic champion of racial, economic, and social justice whose work as a young aide to the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. began a public life that would eventually see him mount a pair of transformative presidential bids, died Tuesday morning at age 84.

Jacksonโ€™s legacy is so rich, and extends across so many generations and struggles, that it cannot be contained in one reflection. He was, as the Rev. Al Sharpton said Tuesday, โ€œa movement unto himself.โ€

Over seven decades in the public arena, Jackson emerged as one of the most multifaceted figures in American history: a legendary civil rights leader, a knowing and caring defender of the disenfranchised, a vital advocate for voting rights and voter mobilization, a savvy media critic who recognized the importance of challenging narratives that promoted discrimination and division, an essential ally of labor unions, a reformer of the Democratic Party, a friend to struggling family farmers and urban workers alike, and a counselor to presidents and prime ministers. He was, as well, a man of deep faith, who expressed that faith in his ardent advocacy for peace.

That dedication to peace was central to both his 1984 and 1988 presidential bids, a fact that is too frequently neglected in cursory reflections on those seismic Rainbow Coalition campaigns.

Political historians recognize Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy and New York Senator Robert F. Kennedy as the great antiโ€“Vietnam War candidates of the 1968 presidential campaign. George McGovern, the Democratic presidential nominee in 1972, is often recalled as the most ardent foe of a US military intervention to be nominated by a major American political party since Democrats ran William Jennings Bryan in 1900. Former Vermont governor Howard Dean and former Ohio representative Dennis Kucinich are remembered for seeking the Democratic presidential nod in 2004 as sharp critics of the Iraq War. Barack Obamaโ€™s prescient opposition to the Bush-Cheney administrationโ€™s war of choice, which he voiced as early as 2002, did much to advance his successful bid for the presidency in 2008. And Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, whose 2020 presidential bid Jackson supported, reframed foreign policy debates by explicitly rejecting the elite consensus about the US role in the Middle East and so many other parts of the world.

Jacksonโ€™s two 1980s campaigns deserve a key place in this proud historyโ€”both because they wereย uniquely dynamicย and because they had a profound and lasting impact on progressive thinking about foreign policy. Thatโ€™s one of the many reasons, when veterans of the Jackson campaigns got together, we often reflected on this too-frequently-neglected aspect of his political legacy. His was a powerful and transformative message that resonates to this day.

groundbreaking advocacy on behalf of economic, social, and racial justice at home, but Jackson also outlined what was then a fresh foreign policy vision, rooted in what has come to be known as progressive internationalism. He advanced a comprehensiveโ€”and morally coherentโ€”argument for shifting American foreign policy away from military interventionism, nuclear brinksmanship, and Cold War posturing and toward diplomacy, cooperation, and dramatically reduced Pentagon spending.

Jackson understood precisely what was at stake, and he declared in a voice so resonant that it inspired a new generation of activists, โ€œPeace is worth the risk!โ€

And he was taking a risk. It is important to recall howโ€”as Ronald Reagan was ramping up the Cold War around the world and pouring US resources into heated conflicts in El Salvador and on the border of Nicaraguaโ€”Jackson boldly broke not just with the Republican president but also with many Democrats to make opposition to war a focal point of his bid.

After it was revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency had mined three harbors in Central America, as part of an effort to destabilize the countryโ€™s left-wing government,ย Jackson declared in April 1984 thatย โ€œthe undeclared war against the people of Nicaraguaโ€ฆmust be stopped.โ€ In addition to criticizing the Reagan administration and the CIA, Jackson took issue with Walter Mondale and Gary Hart, the front-runners for the Democratic nomination that year, for failing to clearly deliver a message that the US must โ€œstop our funding of terror in Nicaragua and El Salvador now and to withdraw all our troops from Central America.โ€

โ€œIt is not enough for Walter Mondale to call mining the harbors a clumsy and ill-conceived act,โ€ argued Jackson. โ€œIt is not enough to imply that the main problem was not informing Congress adequately. Our foreign policy in Central America is wrong. We are standing on the wrong side of history. We are engaged in killing people, and starving people who are trying to work out their own destiny.โ€

Jacksonโ€™s 1984 Rainbow Coalition campaign shocked pundits by winning primaries and caucuses in key states, and by collecting roughly 20 percent of the Democratic primary vote. Jackson also made a historic trip to Central America and the Caribbean, where he met with regional leadersโ€”including Cuban President Fidel Castroโ€”and warned, โ€œThe signs of war are rising. We see the military buildup throughout the region. We see the United States taking sides instead of helping to reconcile the conflict. We cannot allow another Vietnam.โ€

The bitter legacy of the Vietnam War, which Jackson had opposed as a young aide to Dr. King, weighed heavily on his mind during the 1984 campaign. At the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco, Jackson delivered a renowned, electrifying speech, in which he recalled,

Twenty years ago, our young people were dying in a war for which they could not even vote. Twenty years later, young America has the power to stop a war in Central America and the responsibility to vote in great numbers. Young America must be politically active in 1984. The choice is war or peace.

Jacksonโ€™s focus in 1984 and in 1988 extended beyond concerns about the โ€œdirty warsโ€ in Central America. He campaigned as an outspoken advocate for nuclear disarmament, embracing the โ€œnuclear freezeโ€ movement to halt the testing, production, and deployment of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union. He called for a rethinking of US military and economic alliances in order to advance democracy and human rights, argued for an end to US aid to the violent apartheid regime in South Africa, and proposed a new approach to Middle East relations that respected the rights of both Israelis and Palestinians.

As a 42-year-old first-time candidate in the fall of 1983, Jackson met with Arab Americans, urged the US to use diplomacy so that the Middle East would no longer be a โ€flashpoint for both hot and cold war,โ€ and said that any path to peace had to include a โ€homeland and a state for Palestine.โ€

โ€It is a tragedy to see the lack of talk and dialogue in the Middle East, but it is even worse not to see it here,โ€ said Jackson. โ€The first step for peace in the Middle East is for black Americans, Arab-Americans and Jewish-Americans to start talking here.โ€

A young James Zogby, then the director of the Arab-American Antidiscrimination Committee, cheered Jacksonโ€™s inclusion of Palestinian rights in his campaign platform. โ€He challenged us on 50 issues and not just one,โ€ said Zogby, who would go on to place Jacksonโ€™s name in nomination at the 1984 Democratic National Convention. โ€He respected us as Arab-Americans and didnโ€™t pander to us. This is the first time ever that a presidential candidate has come before an Arab-American audience, and we donโ€™t feel disenfranchised anymore.โ€

At the end of 1983, Jackson traveled to the Middle East and visited the Jaramana refugee camp in Syria, where on New Yearโ€™s Day in 1984, he told a group of Palestinian children, โ€œKeep your dreams high. Donโ€™t let anyone break your spirit. Youโ€™ll be free one day.โ€ It was on that same journey that he secured the release of US Navy airman Lt. Robert Goodman, whose plane had been shot down over Lebanon and who had been captured and held by Syrian forces.

Jackson remained actively engaged with Middle East peace issues through the rest of his life. Among the memorials posted on Tuesday was one from former British Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn, who wrote, โ€œIt was an honor to march alongside him against the Iraq War in 2003. May his legacy inspire us to strive for a world of dignity and peace for all.โ€ More than two decades later, one of an ailing Jacksonโ€™s last great initiatives was an emergency conferenceโ€”held at the headquarters of the Rainbow-Push Coalition in Chicago in early 2024โ€”to demand a ceasefire in Gaza.

Jacksonโ€™s faith in diplomacy and negotiation was part of a broader commitment to creating the circumstances for peace to thrive. Just like his mentor King, the Nobel Peace Prize recipient who linked his nonviolent civil rights activism in the US to the global anti-war movementโ€”and who took his own huge risk for peace by standing against the Vietnam Warโ€”Jackson recognized the political courage that was required to advance that commitment.

As a presidential candidate, he showed that courage by talking about cutting as much as 25 percent from the Pentagon budget. In response to critics who claimed his ideas were too radical, Jackson told New Hampshire primary voters in February of 1984, โ€œWe are so strong militarily that we can afford to take measures such as these in the pursuit of peace.โ€ฆ We must fight for peace and give peace a chance.โ€

At the close of his 1988 campaign, in which he was endorsed by The Nation and won more than a dozen statewide primary and caucus contests, securing 6.9 million votes, Jackson pulled all the threads together in an epic address to that yearโ€™s Democratic National Convention in Atlanta. He spoke movingly of tackling poverty and inequality within the United States, but he was just as compelling in his discussion of foreign policy, which included a stirring call for disarmament that is as relevant today as it was 35 years ago.

Jackson told the cheering delegates:

The nuclear war build-up is irrational. Strong leadership cannot desire to look tough and let that stand in the way of the pursuit of peace. Leadership must reverse the arms race. At least we should pledge no first use. Why? Because first use begets first retaliation. And thatโ€™s mutual annihilation. Thatโ€™s not a rational way out.

No use at all. Letโ€™s think it out and not fight it out because itโ€™s an unwinnable fight. Why hold a card that you can never drop? Letโ€™s give peace a chance.

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Also see: https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2026/02/jesse-jacksons-rainbow-coalition-was-as-political-as-it-was-poetic/

Update-It’s Tonight! TV Alert For Black History

Start TV to premiere award-winning documentary, ”Who in the Hell is Regina Jones?” in February

By: Start TV Staff Posted: January 14, 2026, 1:17PM 

Start TV is set to premiere the award-winning documentary, Who in the Hell is Regina Jones?, on Monday, February 16 at 8P | 7C with a special encore immediately after at 10P | 9C.

The stellar production from Weigel Productions Corp. shines a light on legendary journalist Regina Jones. The documentary, which won the Outstanding Documentary Feature Award at the Greater Cleveland Urban Film Festival, turns a lens on Jones’ historical journey โ€“ the invisible labor, turmoil, struggle, and joy of a modern-day Black woman, who emerged as publisher and founder of the groundbreaking SOUL newspaper. On this nationwide platform, Black artists could get coverage long before other publications entered the arena.

Pregnant and married at 15, Regina Jones experienced the Watts Rebellion of 1965, raised five children, stepped into places where she was not wanted, and navigated a world that offered her no favors. SOUL was the first publication devoted specifically to Black musicians and perspectives in music, published from 1966 to 1982. During its run, the publication profiled some of the era’s most prominent Black artists, including Aretha Franklin, James Brown, Diana Ross, Gladys Knight, and Stevie Wonder.

Who in the Hell is Regina Jones? was produced by Weigel Productions Corp and directed by Soraya Sรฉlรจne and Billy Miossi, edited by Nancy Novack A.C.E., co-edited by Alisa Selman, produced by Alissa Shapiro, and executive produced by Academy Award nominee Sam Pollard.

Check out the trailer.

https://www.starttv.com/stories/start-tv-to-premiere-award-winning-documentary-who-in-the-hell-is-regina-jones-in-february

From W. Kamau Bell In Minneapolis:

Listen, read, or both; click through to hear it.

ICE Created a Restaurant That is 100% Free (And They Aren’t Allowed to Eat There)

Episode 4 of I SPENT THREE DAYS IN MINNEAPOLIS!

W. Kamau Bell

In the days after federal agents killed ICU nurse Alex Pretti (only days after other federal agents killed Renee Good), I saw a video of a haggard Minneapolis restaurant owner saying that he was going to give food away until the federal governmentโ€™s occupation of Minnesota ends. His restaurant, Modern Times Cafe, was going to be 100% freeโ€ฆ for everyone. It wasnโ€™t just going to be free for people whoย proved they needed free foodย or for folks whoย asked for free food. It was going to be FREE. FOR. EVERYONE. Dylan Alverson, owner of the now-renamed Post Modern Times Cafe, was mad as hell, and he was not going to charge for pancakes anymore!

(Full Instagram bit on the page; above is a photo)

Actor and singer Mandy Patinkinโ€™s son Gideon had shared Dylanโ€™s video with me.ย Gideon runs Mandyโ€™s verified Instagram account.ย The Patinkinsโ€™ IG page is filled with hopeful political messages, righteous leftist anger, andโ€”most importantlyโ€”ways to help. At some point our Internet paths crossed, and we have tagged each other in posts ever since. Seeing Dylanโ€™s video was yet another battery in my back that gave me the juice to go to Minneapolis. I saw the video on Monday, January 26, and by that Thursday, January 29 I was on a Zoom withย the McKnight Foundationย to figure out how we could work together to get me to the Twin Cities. Once we decided that I would go, I quickly put a visit to Post Modern Times on the agenda. I didnโ€™t go there for McKnight. I went there for me. I really wanted to meet Dylan. He reminded me of people I met in Berkeley, back in the day. True believers who are more than excited to go against the grain. Luckily, Dylan was down to talk. As we discuss in the episode, he is not one for attention. He just wants to help his neighbors. I also found out that since he shared that initial video, he has decided that having a free restaurant feels so good that he wants to keep Post Modern Times Cafe free, even after Trumpโ€™s government leavesย (which they finally announced they are going to do).

(Snip)

Dylan plans to turn his restaurant into a nonprofit organization. This just shows, yet again, that the effect this occupation has had on Minnesota is permanent. It doesnโ€™t matter if the feds leave today, they have:

  • killed two people,
  • shot at least one more,
  • made schoolchildren afraid to go to school,
  • made some people (especially Latino restaurant workers) afraid to go to work,
  • hurt local business across Minnesota, because consumers are afraid to shop (or are too broke shop because they arenโ€™t working), and
  • generally traumatized the state.

None of that gets erased, fixed, or healed just because the goons get gone. I truly hope that more people are able to sue the federal government like the teachers union, Education Minnesota, did. The only thing that has stopped the people of the Twin Cities and beyond from folding completely is that there are many, many, MANY people like Dylan Alverson who are committed to community. Like Dylan, they are committed above and beyond their own self-interestโ€ฆ or even their own commonsense.

While Dylanโ€™s free restaurant may seem like a gimmick or a naive idea, Dylan sees it as part of a larger way to fight back against our authoritarian government. Dylan put it best in our interview:

โ€œThe world is watching, and they should. This could be the start of a revolution. We donโ€™t know. But to me, it feels like it. And Iโ€™m willing to go as far as I need to if I can make that happen.โ€

Post Modern Times will only be able to keep up its anti-capitalistic โ€œgambleโ€ (gamble is Dylanโ€™s word for what they are doing) if they also have community support. If you can, donate or spread the word about Post Modern Times Cafeโ€™s bold plan.

(snip-MORE, including a podcast with Mandy Patinkin & Katherine Grody, helping MN teachers, and yet more!)

How Cool Is This?

Chart Shows Widespread Side Effect to Bad Bunny Performing in Spanish

Byย Melissa Fleur Afshar Life and Trends Reporter


Duolingo saw a sharp rise in Spanish learners following Bad Bunnyโ€™s Super Bowl Halftime Show, according to a post shared by the language-learning app on social media.

โ€œDuolingo saw a 35 percent increase in Spanish learners last night. Better late than never,โ€ the company wrote on Threads on February 9, under its official account, @duolingo. The post, which included a graph showing a clear spike in Spanish lessons, has been liked more than 7,500 times to date.

The surge followed Bad Bunnyโ€™s historyโ€‘making performance at the Super Bowl Halftime Show, where he became the first artist to sing primarily in Spanish during the most-watched sporting event in the U.S. Duolingoโ€™s official Threads account shared the data shortly after the night ended, highlighting the immediate impact the performance appeared to have on language learning behavior.

Bad Bunnyโ€™s Super Bowl appearance came months after he used a Spanish-language monologue on Saturday Night Live (SNL) to tell audiences they had โ€œfour months to learnโ€ Spanish ahead of the game. Despite online backlash from some commentators at the time, the data shared by Duolingo suggests many viewers embraced the message, with interest in learning Spanish rising sharply during the Halftime Show.

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Joy

His wife joins him during this dance.

Ooo! Spies! Black History Month

Black American Spies and Why They Were The Best

Black spies used their invisibility in plain sight to carry out some of the nationโ€™s most important war efforts.

By Shellie M. Scott

circa 1925: Portrait of American-born singer and dancer Josephine Baker (1906 โ€“ 1975) lying on a tiger rug in a silk evening gown and diamond earrings. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

When most people think of historyโ€™s American spies, they imagine a sleuthy white man, tracking troop movements, planting bugs and obtaining secrets under the radar of the enemy. Whatโ€™s rarely imagined, let alone taught, is the role Black Americans played in espionage from the Revolutionary War through modern times.

Enslaved and free Black men and women slipped into rooms they werenโ€™t meant to enter, cozied up to marks who underestimated them and quietly ran intelligence networks that relied on invisibility in plain sight. Here are Black spies whose intelligence work shaped history.

Mary Elizabeth Bowser

Screenshot: YouTube โ€œMary Elizabeth Bowser: Unsung Heroes of the Civil War | Ancestral Finding Postcardโ€

Dubbed the โ€œbaddest bitch in historyโ€ by Comedy Central, Bowser became known as one of the Unionโ€™s most daring Civil War spies. Literate and underestimated, Bowser worked as an undercover agent from inside the Confederacyโ€™s most vulnerable locations โ€” Confederate President Jefferson Davisโ€™s home, according to African American Registry.

Masking her intelligence by pretending to be bat sh*t crazy, โ€œCrazy Bet,โ€ as she was known, used a rumored photographic memory to collect important military information and pass it on to Ulysses S. Grant.

James Armistead Lafayette

Fascimile of the Marquis de Lafayetteโ€™s original certificate commending James Armistead for his revolutionary war service, 1784. From the New York Public Library. (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images).

James Armistead Lafayette was born enslaved but became a master of deception during the American Revolution. According to Americaโ€™s Army Museum, he disguised himself as a runaway, infiltrated British camps, delivered key intelligence to the Marquis de Lafayette and fed false information to the enemy. His double agent work was crucial at Yorktown in 1781.

With Marquis de Lafayetteโ€™s support, he later won his freedom and dropped his enslaverโ€™s name.

Josephine Baker

circa 1925: Portrait of American-born singer and dancer Josephine Baker (1906 โ€“ 1975) lying on a tiger rug in a silk evening gown and diamond earrings. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

Josephine Baker was a known boundary-breaking dancer, singer and international icon, but few knew she was also a World War II spy for the French Resistance. Though she spied on behalf of France rather than the U.S., Baker belongs in this conversation about Black espionage.

At the height of her fame, Baker used her celebrity to move through elite European society and collect information on Nazi Germany and other Axis powers, according to History.com. Baker hid intelligence in invisible ink on sheet music and pinned notes inside her clothing, later explaining, โ€œnobody would think I was a spy.โ€

Her bravery earned her Franceโ€™s highest military honors.

Debra Evans Smith

Screenshot: YouTube

While working in Records Management, Debra Evans Smith attended the FBI Academy after gaining nine pounds to meet the minimum weight requirement.

When only one percent of Black women were spies, Smith was drawn to counterintelligence. She volunteered for surveillance, learned Russian, and spent four years handling Russian counterintelligence in Los Angeles, conducting interviews and investigations in the language, according to the FBI. For her, the work was never about individual casesโ€”it was about serving the country.

Abraham Gallaway

Screenshot:ย https://6abc.com/post/meet-the-most-important-civil-war-leader-youve-never-heard-of/5921540/

If youโ€™ve never heard of Abraham Gallaway, thatโ€™s no accident. According to historian Dr. David Cecelski, Gallaway may have been the most important Southern war hero, but his legacy was erased when North Carolina rewrote its own history in the late 1800s, depicting enslaved people as โ€œdocile.โ€ Gallawayโ€™s story did not fit their narrative.

Born enslaved in 1837 near Wilmington, N.C., he escaped at 19. Gallaway became a โ€œmaster spyโ€ for the Union Army during the Civil War, providing military intelligence from within the South and establishing a spy network. He also became a state senator, according to 6 ABC. Today, his story is preserved at the North Carolina Museum of History.

Mary Louvestre

Mary Louvestre (sometimes spelled Touvestre) was a free Black woman who would not take no for an answer. Working as a seamstress in Virginia, she stole documents about troop movements and walked to deliver them to Union officials in Washington, D.C. When officers brushed her off, hesitating to meet with her, she kept going back until they listened.

Darrell M. Blocker

Darrell M. Blocker spent 32 years in U.S. intelligence, retiring in 2018 as the most senior Black officer in the CIAโ€™s Directorate of Operations and earning the Distinguished Career Intelligence Medal. A second-generation intelligence professional, Blockerโ€™s work took him to dangerous territory in places like Iran and North Korea, according to the International Spy Museum.

Having lived in 10 foreign countries, he has held titles including Deputy Director of the Counterterrorism Center and managed the CIAโ€™s Ebola response.

Recently, he flipped his knowledge into a role as Hollywood creative consultant.

Harriet Tubman

A portrait of Harriet Tubman, African-American abolitionist and a Union spy during the American Civil War, circa 1870. (Photo by HB Lindsey/Underwood Archives/Getty Images)

Harriet Tubman was more than the Underground Railroadโ€™s โ€œMoses.โ€ She made power moves in the Union Army, using her reputation to recruit Black scouts. Tubman gathered intel no one else could. According to Brandeis University, she became the first woman to lead a U.S. military raid in 1863, which freed 750 people and sealed her acumen as a true strategist.

George E. Hocker, Jr.

YouTube: โ€œ2025 Maryโ€™s Woods MLK Jr Celebrationโ€

George E. Hocker, Jr., a Washington, D.C. native, joined the CIA in 1957 while studying at Howard University. Working as a file clerk to fund his education, he stopped short of aspirations to work as a spy because CIA leaders told him Black people were not intelligent enough or able to โ€œblend in.โ€

He believed them โ€ฆ until the 1963 March on Washington inspired him to pursue his dream despite racism. During the Cold War, Hocker gathered intelligence in Africa and later went to Latin America, risking his life on dangerous assignments. Hoker never lost sight of the fight at home, stating, โ€œWhile I was fighting for my countryโ€™s interests abroad, my fellow Black Americans were facing war zones of their own at home,โ€ as quoted in Newsweek.

Robert Smalls

Robert Smalls, 1887. African-American politician, publisher, businessman and maritime pilot. Born into slavery, he escaped, and commandeered and piloted a Confederate transport ship which became a Union warship. His example and persuasion helped convince President Abraham Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union Army. From โ€œMen of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Risingโ€ by William J. Simmons. Creator: Unknown. (Photo by Heritage Art/Heritage Images via Getty Images)

Born into slavery in 1839 in Beaufort, South Carolina, Robert Smalls rose to become a skilled pilot on the Confederate transport CSSโ€ฏPlanter by his early twenties. In a bold act of courage in 1862, he seized the ship, picked up his family, and navigated past Confederate forts under the guise of a captain, delivering the vessel safely to Union forces. Smalls went on to become the first African American to command a U.S. naval vessel, and after the war, he purchased his former enslaverโ€™s house, reclaiming a space that had once symbolized his bondage.

Happy Valentine’s From The Birds

Hear the song, get more facts, on the page! (Title below is the link.)

Chocolate-vented Tyrant

A handsome bird of open landscapes, the Chocolate-vented Tyrant is an unusual species to be included among the so-called โ€œflycatchers.โ€ Inhabiting flat grassland and scrub, this bird is primarily a ground-dweller, rarely seen higher than a fencepost or tussock. Furthermore, this flycatcher is not one to catch insects on the wing (to โ€œfly-catchโ€ in ornithology lingo), preferring instead to hunt its prey on the ground. In keeping with this terrestrial lifestyle, the Chocolate-vented Tyrant has notably long legs and is more likely to run or walk than to hop or fly. In combination with its large size and rusty belly, the tyrantโ€™s appearance and behavior are reminiscent of birds in the thrush family, such as the American Robin.

The Chocolate-vented Tyrant breeds in the cold, dry, and infamously windy Patagonian Steppe, also known as the Patagonian Desert. In an environment largely devoid of trees, this bird takes advantage of the open sky to perform an expansive aerial display, similar to other birds like the Red Knot and American Woodcock that use flat, open habitat in the breeding season. The Chocolate-vented Tyrant is also known to forage alongside wintering shorebirds โ€” yet another habit unusual for its family, but typical of others, like the groups of sandpipers and plovers it sometimes joins.

Threats

Birds around the world are declining, and many of them, including the Chocolate-vented Tyrant, are facing urgent threats. Throughout the tyrantโ€™s range in South America, livestock grazing, agricultural expansion, and invasive species all hinder this birdโ€™s ability to thrive. Furthermore, sparse protected areas may be insufficient to support the species, particularly on its nonbreeding grounds in the Pampas, the vast grasslands region east of the Andes.

Habitat Loss

The Chocolate-vented Tyrant is losing habitat in both its breeding and nonbreeding ranges. On the Patagonian Steppe, where this species breeds, overgrazing by sheep disrupts the limited vegetation afforded by a dry climate, resulting in erosion and eventually desertification. The Pampas faces similar threats from overgrazing by cattle, as well as the clearing of native habitat in favor of agriculture.

Habitat Loss

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Conservation Strategies & Projects

The Chocolate-vented Tyrant is a habitat specialist, making it particularly vulnerable to threats like habitat loss and degradation. In addition to protecting habitat through our network of reserves, ABC also works to reduce the threat of invasive species and restore habitat. At ABC, weโ€™re inspired by the wonder of birds and driven by our responsibility to find solutions to meet their greatest challenges. With science as our foundation, and with inclusion and partnership at the heart of all we do, we take bold action for birds across the Americas.

Creating & Maintaining Reserves

Habitat is the foundation for birdsโ€™ survival. Working with dozens of partners and local communities throughout Latin America, ABC supports a growing network of protected areas in more than a dozen countries. Totaling more than 1.3 million acres, nearly one-third of the worldโ€™s birdlife (more than 3,000 species) is protected by an ABC-supported reserve.

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Observing Black History Month

The Story of 10 Black Models Becoming Legends at the Battle of Versailles Fashion Show in the 1970s

In November 1973, 10 Black models helped put American fashion on the map in an epic runway face-off with well-known French designers. In honor of the start of New York Fashion Week, hereโ€™s their story!

By Angela Johnson

Models dressed in midriff-bearing tops and oversized bottoms of solids, stripes and plaids worn with headresses during the fashion show to benefit the restoration of the Chateau of Versailles, five American designers matching talents with five French couturiers at the Versailles Palace on November 28, 1973 in Versailles, Franceโ€ฆArticle title:โ€™One night and pouf! Itโ€™s gone! (Photo by Fairchild Archive/Penske Media via Getty Images)

We know that for most people, February is all about the Super Bowl, Valentineโ€™s Day and Black History Month. But if you love style, you know itโ€™s also about New York Fashion Week โ€“ a time for some of the hottest designers to showcase the latest trends โ€” kicking off Wednesday (Feb. 11).

While weโ€™re going to be all over covering whatโ€™s new from Sergio Hudson and Public School, we thought this week was also a perfect time to show some love to the Black designers and models who paved the way for future generations.

Weโ€™re kicking things off with the story of 1973โ€™s Battle of Versailles fashion show โ€“an epic stand-off between French and American designers in Paris. The highly-hyped event not only put American fashion designers on the map, but it also put a spotlight on a group of 10 Black models who shut down the red carpet and showed the rest of the world the beauty in having a diverse runway that looked more like the rest of the world.

A Palace in Need of Repair

Fragment of golden entrance gates to the Versailles Palace (Chฤteau de Versailles) on a sunny summer day. The Versailles is a Royal Palace in Versailles which is a suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres southwest of the French capital.

The Palace of Versailles is an iconic French landmark. The stunning estate became the official royal residence in 1682. But while it has been a tourist destination for quite some time, in the early 1970s, the 17th century palace was in desperate need of a $60 million glow-up to repair years of damage.

A Fabulous Fundraiser

American Fashion co-ordinator, Miss Eleanor Lambert (Mrs Berkson) who arrived by Qantas today to finalise arrangements for a major all-American fashion show in Sydney and Melbourne later this year. May 25, 1967. (Photo by Trevor James Robert Dallen/Fairfax Media via Getty Images).

American fashion publicist Eleanor Lambert knew $60 million dollars wasnโ€™t small change, so she proposed the idea of a fashion show to raise money for the Versailles repair project. Working with the palace curator, Gerald Van der Kemp, she wanted to invite some of the wealthiest elites from around the world to view collections from fashion designers from France and the United States. Lambert believed the ticket sales would help bring in much-needed funds for the palace project and give American designers a chance to prove their talent on the world stage.

The French Designers

Fashion designer Pierre Cardin stands in his studio surrounded by models. (Photo by Pierre Vauthey/Sygma/Sygma via Getty Images)

Lambertโ€™s idea got the green light, and the date was set for Nov. 28, 1973. The French assembled an all-star lineup of designers, including Hubert de Givenchy, Yves Saint Laurent, Pierre Cardin, Marc Bohan (Creative Director for Christian Dior) and Emmanuel Ungaro. Ready to show the international audience that Paris was the fashion capital of the world, they planned more than an ordinary runway show, but a production that featured live music, dance and an extraordinary set.

The American Designers

NEW YORK, NY โ€“ JANUARY 24: Designer Stephen Burrows attends the Tribute To The Models Of Versailles 1973 at The Metropolitan Museum Of Art on January 24, 2011 in New York City. (Photo by Stephen Lovekin/Getty Images)

The American team accepted the challenge and built a roster that included designers Oscar de la Renta, Halston and Bill Blass. Unlike the French, Team USA brought a little more diversity to the event, with the only woman designer, Anne Klein, and Stephen Burrows, a Black graduate of New Yorkโ€™s Fashion Institute of Technology, who made a name for himself with his colorful, lightweight knit designs and signature lettuce hem.

News of the show got lots of press in both the United States and France. John Fairchild, who was the editor of Womenโ€™s Wear Daily at the time, helped add to the hype, billing the event โ€œThe Battle of Versailles.โ€

Choosing Models

Norma Jean Darden, Bethann Hardison, Billie Blair (Getty Images)

The budget for the event was tight, causing some of the more well-known models of the time โ€” like Jerry Hall and Lauren Hutton โ€” to turn down the $300 job. But their decision left the door open for a group of talented and beautiful Black models who were happy to step in and help bring the designerโ€™s clothing to life. In the end, the American show featured 10 Black models โ€“ Billie Blair, Bethann Hardison, Pat Cleveland, Amina Warsuma, Charlene Dash, Ramona Saunders, Norma Jean Darden, Barbara Jackson, Alva Chinn and Jennifer Brice โ€“ making it one of the most diverse runways the fashion industry had ever seen at a major show.

Americans in Paris

Models Bethann Hardison and Armina Warsuma arrive in Marseille, Paris. (Photo by Michel Maurou/Reginald Gray/WWD/Penske Media via Getty Images)

Although they werenโ€™t paid much for the gig, many of the Black American models chosen for the show jumped at the chance to participate in a high-profile international event. Pat Cleveland remembers how excited many of the models were when they first set foot on French soil.

โ€œThey got out of the bus and kissed the ground, they were so happy,โ€ she said.

A Not-So-Warm Welcome

Model Pat Cleveland eats a sandwich backstage during the Battle of Versailles fashion show to benefit the restoration of the Chateau of Versailles on November 28, 1973. The Battle of Versailles featured the top five American designers matching their talents with five French couturiers. The Americans triumphed. (Photo by Reginald Gray/WWD/Penske Media via Getty Images)

Although the city of lights was beautiful, the American designers and models did not feel the love in France. Designer Stephen Burrows confirmed that their accommodations were far from five-star.

โ€œThere was no toilet paper in the bathroom. It was terrible,โ€ Burrows said. โ€œThey had the girls there working all day long and didnโ€™t feed them.โ€

Rehearsal Drama

Oscar de la Renta watches American team model Billie Blair practicing in a breakout rehearsal space within the palace complex. (Photo by Michel Maurou/WWD/Penske Media via Getty Images)

The French werenโ€™t any more gracious when it came to the rehearsal time, using up most of the days leading up to the show to run through their performance โ€“leaving the American team to make the most of the middle of the night.

A Star-Studded Guest List

Marisa Berenson, Roy Halston, Liza Minnelli and friends attend the fashion show to benefit the restoration of the Chateau of Versailles, five American designers matching talents with five French couturiers at the Versailles Palace on November 28, 1973 in Versailles, France. (Photo by Fairchild Archive/Penske Media via Getty Images)

The idea of a showcase featuring some of the best in American and French fashion attracted a whoโ€™s who of high-profile stars, including Elizabeth Taylor, Liza Minelli (who took the stage during the American show) and Andy Warhol.

The French Performance Was a Production

American born-French entertainer Josephine Baker in costume rehearses on stage before her performance during the โ€œBattle of Versaillesโ€ fashion competition in Paris on November 29, 1973. (Photo by Reginald Gray/WWD/Penske Media via Getty Images)

On the night of the show, the French took the stage first, with a 40-piece orchestra, more than $30,000 worth of props and performances from well-known Soviet ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev and legendary performer Josephine Baker along with their designerโ€™s collections. American model Bethann Hardison remembered the French designerโ€™s elaborate presentation that lasted for more than 2.5 hours.

โ€œThey had everything. You just couldnโ€™t believe all the entertainment they had,โ€ she said. โ€œIt was like a circus. The only thing they didnโ€™t do was shoot a man out of a cannon.โ€

The Americans Met the Moment

After the French showcase, it was Team USAโ€™s turn to take the stage. Although they walked to music on a cassette tape instead of a live orchestra, they met the moment, with the Black models showing off their rhythm as they floated down the runway. Although their show was only 35 minutes, they left the audience โ€“ who gave them a standing ovation โ€“ wanting more.

Making Fashion Ready-to-Wear

Battle of Versailles (Photo by Reginald Gray/WWD/Penske Media via Getty Images)

While the French showcased classically tailored clothing conceived with a wealthy client in mind, the American designers were looking toward the future and embracing a growing shift towards ready-to-wear pieces that were accessible to a wider audience. The designers werenโ€™t afraid to add color and pattern to a collection that was made for time.

The Power of Diversity

Models dressed in gowns take the stage during the fashion show to benefit the restoration of the Chateau of Versailles, five American designers matching talents with five French couturiers at the Versailles Palace on November 28, 1973 in Versailles, Franceโ€ฆArticle title: โ€˜One night and pouf! Itโ€™s gone! (Photo by Fairchild Archive/Penske Media via Getty Images)

Filmmaker Deborah Riley Draper captured the magic of the Battle of Versailles in the documentary, โ€œVersailles โ€™73: American Runway Revolution.โ€ In an interview with CBS, she emphasized the importance of this groundbreaking moment in fashion history.

โ€œWhat America was able to do was to demonstrate that diversity and inclusion on the stage was the most powerful weapon they could have,โ€ she told CBS in an interview.

And In Lighter Presentation-

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More Rightwing Work Outside Their Own States

Seriously; if you read through these stories, both are part of the work of rightwing organizations operating in every state to get their missions accomplished. No state is safe from this sort of thing; people really need to keep their eyes on ALL of their legislators. Some of these groups even write ordinances and lobby county/municipal/local governing bodies.

Forty individuals, organizations object to Kansas Senate bill adding barriers to food and health aid

GOP legislators discount estimated $17 million annual cost of reform legislation

By: Tim Carpenter

TOPEKA โ€” Melissa Sabin spoke officially on behalf of Little Lobbyists Kansas and personally in the name of her son, Logan, against a Kansas Senate bill aggressively expanding the stateโ€™s process of verifying eligibility for Medicaid, SNAP and other public assistance programs.

She was among dozens of organizations or individuals supplying opposition testimony Wednesday on Senate Bill 363. It would impose new state application and reporting requirements, some exceeding federal mandates, for programs serving children, elderly people, poor people, pregnant women and people with disabilities.

On Tuesday, the Senate Committee on Government Efficiency, or COGE, heard from the lone proponent of the bill โ€” a conservative Florida organization that has sought for more than a decade to slash participation in Kansas public assistance programs.

โ€œI oppose this bill because it creates an expensive, inefficient and legally questionable administrative structure that will predictably result in eligible Kansans โ€” especially children โ€” losing access to health care and food assistance,โ€ Sabin said. โ€œSB 363 does not improve program integrity or efficiency. It instead builds layers of red tape that state agencies are not equipped to manage or that federal law does not permit.โ€

Sabin, state outreach manager of Little Lobbyists, said the bill was inaccurately touted by its advocates as a means of improving accountability in terms of serving 325,000 Kansans taking part in Medicaid and 188,000 enrolled in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

Sabin said requiring determinations of eligibility to be repeated monthly or quarterly would lead to additional paperwork errors, missed notices or administrative delays rather than documentation of alleged fraud or abuse.

She said a proposal for recipients of Medicaid to have eligibility reassessed every three months, rather than at 12-month intervals, could violate federal regulations. In terms of her son, she said the bill would compel the state to reconsider four times each year whether Logan, born with a genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disabilities, was eligible despite lack of change in his medical diagnosis.

โ€œHis condition does not fluctuate with paperwork cycles,โ€ his mother said. โ€œHis need for skilled care does not disappear because the form is refiled or a verification is resubmitted.โ€

Sabinโ€™s message of opposition was shared by representatives of Kansas Action for Children, Alliance for a Healthy Kansas, United Methodist Health Ministry Fund, LeadingAge Kansas, El Centro, United Way of Harvey and Marion Counties, Flint Hills Breadbasket, Kansas Appleseed Center for Law and Justice, InterHab, Reach Healthcare Foundation, Kansas Interfaith Action, Kansas Childrenโ€™s Service League, United Community Services of Johnson County, the Disability Rights Center of Kansas and others.

The Senate bill

Under the Senate bill, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment and the Kansas Department for Children and Families would be required to establish data-matching systems to automatically share personal information on Kansans with other state agencies. KDHE would have to submit data to the federal government on a monthly basis to determine if Kansans were enrolled in Medicaid in other states.

The bill would direct the Kansas Department of Labor to affirm employment status of beneficiaries, while the Kansas Department of Revenue would reveal details on household income. The Kansas Department of Corrections would track prison inmates who might be ineligible for benefits. The Kansas Lottery would be on alert for anyone winning more than $3,000 because the income bump could compromise eligibility for aid.

As written, the Senate bill would block state agencies from unilaterally requesting approval of exemptions to federal regulations. Instead, the Legislature would have to first endorse the request. The legislation also would block Kansas agencies from accepting as true an applicantโ€™s statements on household size, age or residency โ€” a provision that would require extensive document searches by state employees.

Sen. Cindy Holscher, an Overland Park Democrat running for governor, said she appreciated a recommendation from an opponent of the bill to convene a special committee of the Legislature to develop a better understanding of how Kansans dealt with the process of obtaining SNAP or Medicaid assistance.

Holscher said the House and Senate should do more than accept testimony from the only organization supporting the bill: FGA Action, which operates as an arm of the conservative Florida think tank Foundation for Government Accountability.

FGA was a proponent of the 2015 Kansas law restricting enrollment in SNAP and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Research subsequently showed the state law undercut low-income families in Kansas, made it more difficult to prevent child abuse and contributed to a record surge in the number of Kansas children in foster care.

โ€œWe have 40 opponents to this bill who are subject matter experts based in Kansas,โ€ Holscher said. โ€œOne proponent with an organization based out of Florida.โ€

The fiscal note attached to the Senateโ€™s bill indicated state agencies would need to hire about 300 new employees to handle the revised eligibility processes. The Kansas Department of Administration estimated the cost of complying with the law would be $17 million to $18 million annually.

Sen. Doug Shane, R-Louisburg, and Sen. Mike Thompson, R-Shawnee, challenged the fiscal note.

โ€œQuite frankly the fiscal note is, I guess we could say, hogwash,โ€ Shane said. โ€œThere are just some pure fallacies.โ€

Opponentsโ€™ perspective

Heather Braum, senior policy adviser for Kansas Action for Children, said the additional layers of government red tape contemplated in the Senate bill would disproportionately harm children. She said the reform was introduced at a time when nearly 20% of Kansas children didnโ€™t know where their next meal would come from and about 50,000 children lacked health insurance.

โ€œBottom line,โ€ Braum said, โ€œthis bill will result in families losing Medicaid and SNAP. Families will be unable to afford their childโ€™s medical care and kids will have less food to eat in their homes.โ€

Braum urged the Legislature to work toward streamlining the process of applying for aid. She said House and Senate members need a good understanding of how parents, children, pregnant women, people with disabilities and the elderly navigated the Medicaid and SNAP application processes.

Erica Andrade, president and CEO of El Centro, said the stateโ€™s plan to spend more on eligibility checks would result in loss of benefits by people qualified to receive aid.

โ€œFrom El Centroโ€™s perspective,โ€ she said, โ€œthe most troubling aspect of SB 363 is that it prioritizes bureaucracy over people.โ€

The Rev. Jessica Williams, a Merriam Baptist minister with the Kairos Center for Religions, Rights and Social Justice, testified on behalf of Kansas Interfaith Action. She said Interfaith Action opposed federal SNAP and Medicaid reform signed in 2025 by President Donald Trump  and likewise objected to SB 363.

She said the legislation weaponized the bureaucracy to dismantle the Medicaid and SNAP safety nets. She said paperwork traps embedded in the bill were โ€œcertainly counter to Godโ€™s law.โ€

โ€œIn my faith tradition we regularly pray the only prayer that Jesus taught, which says, โ€˜Give us this day our daily bread,โ€™โ€‰โ€ Williams said. โ€œThis prayer is not an abstract nicety, but a concrete demand for survival and an indictment of unjust systems which withhold food from families.โ€

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Kansas local government leaders question โ€˜millionsโ€™ in costs, lack of detail in bathroom bill

By: Morgan Chilson

TOPEKA โ€” Local government leaders want more details about how to enforce a โ€œbathroom billโ€ passed by the Legislature that some city officials say could cost taxpayers โ€œmillions of dollars.โ€  

Senate Bill 244, which is awaiting Gov. Laura Kellyโ€™s signature, forces people to use facilities matching their biological sex at birth in government buildings. 

Kelly has a 10-day deadline once receiving a bill to veto it. That deadline is Friday for SB 244, a spokesperson said. Kelly is expected to veto the bill, which passed both chambers with veto-proof majorities.

The bill says local governing bodies should take reasonable steps to ensure people use restrooms, locker rooms and other private spaces tied to their biological sex at birth, said Jay Hall, deputy director and general counsel for the Kansas Association of Counties.

The phrase that concerns Hall is โ€œevery reasonable step.โ€

โ€œThatโ€™s really where our questions start,โ€ he said. โ€œWhatโ€™s the expectation of local governments, and how are they supposed to handle the enforcement? Thatโ€™s not something that we know at this point.โ€

Spencer Duncan, Topeka mayor and government affairs director for the League of Kansas Municipalities, said his organization is exploring what the bill means for its members. Initial determinations of changing signage and other steps could cost millions of dollars, some city leaders told him. 

Duncan expressed frustration with the process that eliminated opportunity for public input when  SB 244 was passed out of committee. The bill, originally House Bill 2426, addressed gender markers on driverโ€™s licenses and birth certificates, which would stop the stateโ€™s practice of allowing transgender individuals to change their sex on those documents and would roll back markers that were previously changed. 

Republicans on the House Judiciary Committee added the bathroom portion of the bill and then amended SB 244 by overwriting it with HB 2426, a process called โ€œgut and go.โ€ That allowed the Senate, which had already approved the unrelated version of SB 244, to concur with changes rather than hold hearings on the bill.

The only public hearing was in the House Judiciary Committee regarding gender markers โ€” which received opposition from more than 200 people. During floor debate in the House, Democratic legislators spent more than five hours trying to add amendments that were repeatedly defeated. The bill passed along party lines, with one Republican, Emporia Rep. Mark Schreiber, voting against it. 

The process meant no fiscal note was put on the bill for the bathroom portion, which concerned Democrats during the House debate and also worried Duncan and Hall.

(snip-a bit more)